Referencing

Ancient Egyptian Design:

Kylie Richardson,  2007, 'The Furniture Of Ancient Egypt', http://www.sofasandsectionals.com/furniture-ancient-egypt, Accessed on 10/01/2014.

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Art Of Ancient Egypt', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_ancient_Egypt, Accessed on 10/01/2014.

Ancient Greek Design:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Ancient Greek Art', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art, Accessed on 12/10/214.

Renaissance Design:

Wendell Garrett, 2010, 'To Have And To Hold: The Renaissance Marriage Chest', http://www.artnet.com/Magazine/features/garrett/garrett5-16-00.asp, Accessed on 14/01/2014.

Julia Pockett, 2012, '7 Renaissance Design Features Right at Home Today', http://www.houzz.com/ideabooks/5373811/list/7-Renaissance-Design-Features-Right-at-Home-Today, 14/01/2014.

Rococo Design:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Rococo', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rococo, Accessed on 24/01/2014.

Edelhaus, 2011, 'Rococo Vs. Baroque in Interior Design, http://edelhaus.hubpages.com/hub/rococo-vs-baroque-in-interior-design, Accessed on 24/01/2014.

Antoni Gaudi:

Tiendashop, 2014, 'Gaudi Goblets', http://www.tiendashop.com/copasgaudiTextIng.html, Accessed on 24/01/2014.

Sadia Husain, 2013, 'Modern Architecture', http://www.scribd.com/doc/169667332/Modern-Architecture, Accessed on 24/01/2014.

William Burges:

Wikipedia 2014, 'William Burges', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burges, Acessed on 26/01/2014.

Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008, 'William Burges', http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/85073/William-Burges, Accessed on 26/01/2014.

Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Ludwig Mies Van der Rohe', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Mies_van_der_Rohe, Accessed on 26/01/2014.

Robert Eichman Last updated 2014, 'The Bauhaus and America Margret kentgens-Craig' In 1930, http://www.academia.edu/5589028/The_Bauhaus_and_America_Margret_Kentgens-Craig, Accessed on 26/01/2014.

Illinois Institute Of Technology, 2012, ' Mies Van der Rohe Society', http://www.miessociety.org/legacy/, Accessed on 26/01/2014.

Louis Kahn:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Louis Kahn', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Kahn, Accessed 26/01/2014

Design Museum, Last Updated 2014, 'louis Kahn', http://designmuseum.org/design/louis-kahn, Accessed on 26/0/2014.

Megan Sveiven, 2010, AD Classics: Yale University Art Gallery/ Louis Kahn', http://www.archdaily.com/83110/ad-classics-yale-university-art-gallery-louis-kahn/, Accessed 26/01/2014

Peter Behrens:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Peter Behrens', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Behrens, Accessed 26/01/2014.

Peter Koncal, 2010, 'Peter Behrens', http://designhistoryresearch.wordpress.com/category/peter-behrens/, Accessed 26/01/2014

Le Corbusier:

Michael Holt, 2008, 'Kikutake's Sky House: Where Metabolism and Le Corbusier Meet', http://www.archdaily.com/tag/le-corbusier/, Accessed on 26/01/2014.

(That link takes you to a site showing various articles by different people.  Most information was taken from the article by Holt, however some information was taken from the other articles).

Charles and Ray Eames:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Charles and Ray Eames', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_and_Ray_Eames,  Accessed on 26/01/2014.

Herman Miller, 2014, 'Designers Charles and Ray Eames', http://www.hermanmiller.com/designers/eames.html, Accessed on 26/01/2014

Eames Designes, 2010, 'Eames House', http://eamesdesigns.com/catalog-entry/pacific-palisades-ca-video/, Accessed on 26/01/2014.

Art Deco:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Art Deco', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Deco, Accessed on 27/02/2014

Art Deco Style, 2009, 'Art Deco History', http://www.art-deco-style.com/art-deco-history.html, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Victoria And Albert Museum, 2003, 'Art Deco: Design Influences', http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/art-deco-design-influences/, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Frank Lloyd Wright:

Eric Jaffe, 2008, 'Frank Lloyd Wright's Most Beautiful Work', http://www.smithsonianmag.com/lifelists/frank-lloyd-wrights-most-beautiful-work-12103484/?no-ist Accessed on 27/01/2014

Wikipedia, 2014 ,'Frank Lloyd Wright', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Lloyd_Wright, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Amanda Carter, 2010, 'Frank Lloyd Wright: Biography', http://www.cmgww.com/historic/flw/credits.html, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Walter Gropius:

Robert Eichman, Last updated 2014, 'The Bauhaus and America Margret kentgens-Craig' In 1930, http://www.academia.edu/5589028/The_Bauhaus_and_America_Margret_Kentgens-Craig, Accessed on 27/01/2014.

Sang Lee, 2014, 'The Domestic and Foreign in Architecture, http://www.academia.edu/3068903/The_Domestic_and_the_Foreign_in_Architecture, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Walter Gropius', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Rene Jules Lalique:

Rene Lalique Biography, 2014, 'Rene Lalique Biography', http://rlalique.com/rene-lalique-biography. Accessed 27/01/2014.

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Rene Jules Lalique', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/René_Lalique, Accessed on 27/01/2014

William Wardell:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'William Wardell', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wardell, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Walking Melbourne, 2010, ' Buildings Designed By William Wardell', http://www.walkingmelbourne.com/search.html?architects=William+Wardell, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Marcel Breuer:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Marcel Breuer', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Breuer, accessed on 27/01/2014

Emile Galle:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Emile Galle', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Émile_Gallé, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Art Nouveau, 20120, 'Emile Galle', http://www.art-nouveau-around-the-world.org/en/artistes/galle.htm, Accessed on 27/01/2014


William Morris:

Nick Salmon, 2003, 'The William Morris Internet Achieve : Chronology', https://www.marxists.org/archive/morris/works/chrono.htm, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Wikipedia, 2014, 'William Morris', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Morris, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Theo Van Doesburg:

Answers, 2014, 'Theo Van Doesburg', http://www.answers.com/topic/theo-van-doesburg, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Theo Van Doesburg', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theo_van_Doesburg, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Gerrit Rietveld:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Gerit Rietveld', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld, Accessed on 27/01/2014

Anthony C. Romeo, 'Gerit Rietveld's Red and Blue Chair & What I learned about Rest and Motion in Myself http://www.terraingallery.org/Anthony-Romeo-Chair.html, Accessed on 27/01/2014

What is Design? Why is it important?:

Richard Saul Wurman, ' 80+ inspiring quotes about Design', http://designwashere.com/80-inspiring-quotes-about-design/, Accessed on 12/ 03/2014

Aaewn Design Studio Ltd, ' What is design?', http://www.aawen.com/faq's/why-is-design-important.aspx, Accessed on 12/03/2014

Design for Mankind, 2013, 'Why Design Matters', http://www.designformankind.com/2013/02/why-design-matters/, Accessed on 12/03/2014

Ettore Sottsass:

Design Museum Collection, 'Ettore Sottsass', http://designmuseum.org/design/ettore-sottsass, Accessed on 26/01/2014

Encyclopaedia Brittanica, 2014, 'Ettore Sottsass', http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1302027/Ettore-Sottsass, Accessed on 26/01/2014

Christie's private sales, 2014, 'Ettore Sottsass', http://www.christiesprivatesales.com/exhibitions/ettoresottsass/, Accessed on 26/01/2014

Gothic Revival:

Wikipedia, 2014, ' Gothic Revival Architecture', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture, Accessed on 17/11/2013

Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission, ' Gothic Revival Style 1830-1860', http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt/community/mid-19th_century_period/2386/gothic_revival_style/293443, Accessed 17/11/2013

David Ross, 'Gothic Revival Architecture in England', http://www.britainexpress.com/architecture/gothic-revival.htm, Accessed on 17/11/2013

Art Nouveau:

Paul Greenhalgh, 2000, 'A new style for a new age', https://www.nga.gov/feature/nouveau/exhibit_intro.shtm, Accessed on 17/11/2013

The Art Story, 2013, ' Art Nouveau', http://www.theartstory.org/movement-art-nouveau.htm, Accessed on 17/11/2013

Modernism:

Anthony S. Denzer, 'Masters of Modernism', http://www.mastersofmodernism.com/?page=Modernism, Accessed on 23/11/2013

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Modernism', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism, Accessed on 23/11/2013

De Stijl:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Gerrit Rietveld', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Rietveld, Accessed on 23/11/2013

Wikipedia, 2014, 'De Stijl', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Stijl, Accessed on 23/11/2013

The Bauhaus:

Abstract Art Framed, 'The Bauhaus Art Movement', http://www.abstract-art-framed.com/bauhaus.html, Accessed 03/12/2013

Yuanna Huang, 2013, ' The Bauhaus', http://onicola.blogspot.com/2013_01_01_archive.html, Accessed on 03/12/2013

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Walter Gropius', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gropius, Accessed on 03/12/2013

Arts and Crafts:

Art Factory, 'William Morris- The Arts and Crafts Movement', http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/graphic_designers/william_morris.html, Accessed on 10/01/2014

Encyclopaedia Britannica, 'Arts and Crafts Movement', http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/37281/Arts-and-Crafts-Movement, Accessed on 10/01/2014

Cubism:

Cubism- The First Style Of Abstract Art, 'Cubism', http://www.artyfactory.com/art_appreciation/art_movements/cubism.htm, Accessed on 26/01/2014

Sabine Rewald, 2000, 'Cubism', http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/cube/hd_cube.htm, Accessed on 26/01/2014

Streamlining:

Wikipedia, 2014, 'Streamline Moderne', http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamline_Moderne, Accessed on 03/12/2013

Jackie Craven, 2013, '1930-1950: Art Moderne House Style', http://architecture.about.com/od/periodsstyles/ig/House-Styles/Art-Moderne.htm, Accessed on 03/12/2013

Gerrit Rietveld

Gerrit Rietveld was a Dutch furniture designer and architect.  He was born in 1888 and died in1964.  He is one of the main pioneers of the De Stijl movement and the designer of the Red and Blue chair and the Rietveld Schroder house.

In 1917 he opened his own workshop and set up a business as a cabinet-maker.  Unlike the designers of the Art Nouveau movement, he aimed at designing furniture which will eventually be mass produced in factories.  He was not exactly a fan of decoration and craftsmanship.
in 1918 he started hi own furniture company and modified his 1917 design of the Red and Blue chair.  In 1919 he officially joined the De Stijl movement and became an architect in that same year.

"In 1923, Walter Gropius the head of the Bauhaus, invited Rietveld to view the exhibit at the Bauhaus.  In 1924, Rietveld designed his first building called The Rietveld Schroder house"(Wikipedia).  At a first glance one will already be able to tell that it is a house very influenced by the De Stijl movement.  Rietveld focused a lot of the functionality of the house.  For example, the bedroom can either be one big bedroom or it can be divided into two by a folding wall and the stairs can be closed off too by means of a folding wall.  He focused a lot on the practicality and comfort of the house.






















Fashion today is extremely influenced by the De Stijl movement.  Designers have literally translated Rietveld's Red and Blue chair onto their cloathing.

 

Theo Van Doesburg

Theo Van Doesburg was a Dutch artist, architect, writer, poet and designer.  He lived between 1883 and 1931 and is known to be the founder of the De Stijl movement.  Doesburg held his first exhibition in 1908 and from 1912 onwards he supported his works by writing in magazines. (Information taken from http://www.answers.com/topic/theo-van-doesburg)

The De Stijl movement was very particular as a style.  It made use of the primary colors and the non-colors (black, grey and white).  Works were usually done by putting together geometric shapes of different sizes and distinguishing them with a black bold outline and different vibrant colors.  The paintings that fall under the De Stijl movement and the furniture that falls under the movement are very similar.






Theo Van Doesburg's subject matter of his designs changed a lot over the years.  He regarded himself as a Modern artist and was very influenced by Vincent Van Gough.  After reading Wassily Kandinsky's 'Ruckblicke' he realized that there is a spiritual and abstract level in painting that originates from ones mind. 

Doesburg criticizes Futurism and the idea of speed and motion in design.  He realizes the importance of line and how line can make or destroy a design.  In 1922, Doesburg moves to Weimar with the intention of making an impression on The Bauhaus leader, Walter Gropius.  He tries to influence The Bauhaus and tries spread the De Stijl movement. (Information taken from Wikipedia)




Apart from being a painter, Theo Van Doesburg was also an architect.  He designed various houses for different architects.  Together with Georges Vantongerloo and Sophie Taeuber-Arp he designed the Café Aubette in Strasbourg (Image on the right).

Van Doesburg was also interested in the Dada movement.  He posted Dada poetry and Dada art.

Together with works of other designers of this style such as Wassily Kandinsky, many of his works can be found in the Guggenheim museums in Venice, New York, Bilbao and Abu Dhabi.

William Morris

Portrait, William Morris


William Morris was an English textiles designer, artist and writer who was very closely associated with the Pre-Raphaelite brotherhood and the English Arts and Crafts movement.  He was born in 1834 and died in1896.
Morris founded a design firm with the artist Eduard Burne-Jones and the poet Dante Rossetti and was extremely influenced by the decoration of the houses and churches of the 20th century. 

Several years after Morris got married he challenged himself with two tasks.  The first was to design and build a house for himself and his wife Jane and the other to start a firm of decorators and reinstating decoration as a fine art.  The house he designed and named 'Red House' was designed for himself and his wife.  Inside everything was designed by Morris and his wife.  All ceiling paintings and wall paintings were done by himself and Jane.  His furniture was painted by Morris and Rossetti and the stained glasses was done by Burne-Jones.

Red House in Kent

The strange thing about this house is that it has no wallpaper or printed or woven fabrics or any carpets which Morris and his firm specialized in.

Morris firm,  Morris, Marshall, Faulkner & Co, took on various skills like stained glass, glass-work, metal-work, paper hangings, murals and carpets.  The decoration of churches was the most important for the firm. 

Today Morris's works are still very influential.  We can see influences of his textile patterns in many houses.  He was all about craftsmanship and really tried to encourage people to move away from mass production.  He encouraged originality and hand made designs as to him they were much more valuable than those designs made by machines.



Emile Galle

Portrait, Emile Galle

Emile Galle was a French designer who formed part of the Art Nouveau movement.  He lived between 1846 and 1904.  He was one of France's most celebrated designers of the time.  As a furniture designer he worked most with glass however, he has other pieces made with wood.

Galle was the leading designer of the Art Nouveau style and of the modern renaissance of French glass-work.  Emile Galle stated out by working in his fathers factory.  His first works were made of clear glass and were carefully engraved in enamel.  As he proceeded he became better and better and started to work with colored glass.








Vase by Emile Galle showing
Japanese influences.

His glass-work was of great success in the Paris world exhibition of 1878.  Galle's originality in his works made a great impression in the Paris exhibition of 1889.  Over the years, Galle also became interested in Japanese art. 

Emile Galle was very experimental.  He liked to try many different techniques.  Infact his works are very versatile.  He uses methods like wheel cutting, acid etching, metallic foils and using air bubbles to create a certain effect.
When he returned to his home town his aim was to promote craftsmanship and try influence people to move away from the idea of mass production and machinery. 

As he grew in popularity, so did his company.  By the end of the 19th his workshop employed almost 300 employees.  He worked with other famous Art Nouveau artists like Eugene Rosseau.  His glass enterprise continued to flourish till 1913.  His works were very naturalistic.  Most of them were predominantly floristic and soft.  He aimed to depict nature and communicate a sense of utopia his audience.


















Emile Galle also conducted a study on botany and this was the main influence on his works.  Almost all of the time his works had leaves, ethereal flowers, vines and fruits.  Galle also created some furniture inspired by the Rococo style.  These usually had an organic feel to them.  They were made out of wood and still kept the theme of nature.

Today Emile Galle's works are still very popular, especially with collectors.  His works are very highly priced and valuable. 

Marcel Breuer

Marcel Breuer was a Hungarian architect and furniture designer.  He was a modernist.  At the peak of the 20th century, Marcel Breuer was considered to be one of the world's most popular architects.  Breuer was one of the youngest students at the Bauhaus being just 18 years old.  He was noticed by Gropius and made head of the carpentry workshop. 

Wassily Chair

He was fist recognized for designing bicycle handle bar-styled street furniture.  Breuer was highly inspired by Le Corbusier's designs and also those of Mies Van Der Rohe.  His Wassily Chair by Marcel Breuer was thought to have been designed for Wassily Kandinsky however this was not the case.  Kandinsky was a mere admirer of the chair, so much so that Breuer made a copy of the chair for Kandinsky's home.  Breuer's Italian manufacturer gave the chair its name as he learned that Kandinsky liked it a lot. 



Frank House, Pittsburgh

Because Marcel Breuer was a Jew, he had to move to London in the 1930's due to the rise of the Nazi party in Germany. In 1937, Breuer teamed up with Gropius.  One of their most popular works that they completed together was the 'Frank House' in Pittsburgh.
Breuer also designed the Whitney museum for American art in New York city.


Some other works of Marcel Breuer include:








William Wardell

William Wardell was a civil engineer and architect who lived between 1823 and 1899.  He was notable for his work in Australia, England and Scotland. (Information taken from Wikipedia)

His most notable works include the St Patrick's cathedral in Melbourne, The University of Sydney and St John's Collage.  He worked in both Gothic and Classical styles.  Although Wardell built many public buildings, He also had a private practice building houses and buildings for individuals.  Many times he teamed up to work with his friend Augustus Pugin who was an English architect, designer, critic and artist and who simulated him to Wardell's interest in the Gothic Revival.




Between the years 1846 and 1857, Wardell designed close to 30 churches one of which being St. Mary's Cathedral in Sydney.  Wardell became attracted to the catholic church through its architecture.  He was not a spiritual person and Pugin often tried to inject interest in Catholicism into Wardell.  In the end he ended up converting to Catholicism, creating a new life and a new family for him.  He used his architecture and designs as a way of praising and thanking God.  His architecture and sculpture give us an insite to his beliefs and views on religion.

St Mary's Cathedral Sydney.

St Patrick's Cathedral Melbourne.

Wardell was responsible for the construction of all the public buildings in Victoria, Melbourne.  Some of these public buildings are attributed to him.  Wardell was also a member of the Central Board of Health.

St Patrick's cathedral is one of William Wardell's most famous and prestigious works. 






Wardell's interiors were very soft.  Light and tranquil pastel colors are used together with gold.  The gold gives the room a sense of richness and wealth.  The image on the left shows the interior of a government house in Melbourne.

William Wardell was on of the major pioneers in the Gothic Revival period.  He was fascinated by the style of the buildings and felt that his designs brought him closer to his new found religion.